Trigeminal neuralgia (TN), or Tic Douloureux, (also known as prosopalgia) is a neuropathic disorder of the trigeminal nerve that causes episodes of intense pain in the eyes, lips, nose, scalp, forehead, and jaw.[1] It is estimated that 1 in 15,000 people suffer from trigeminal neuralgia, although those numbers may be significantly higher due to frequent misdiagnosis. TN usually develops after the age of 50, although there have been cases with patients being as young as three years of age [2].

The condition can bring about stabbing, mind-numbing, electric shock-like pain from just a finger’s glance of the cheek. Believed to be the most severe type of pain known to humanity, the most common forms of TN affect 1 in 15,000 to 20,000, but 1 in 5,000 are thought to suffer from some type of facial pain.

Pathophysiology

The pain of trigeminal neuralgia is often falsely attributed to a pathology of dental origin. “Rarely do patients come to the surgeon without having many removed, and not infrequently all, teeth on the affected side or both sides.” [3] Extractions do not help. The pain is originating in the trigeminal nerve and not in an individual nerve of a tooth. Because of this difficulty, many patients may go untreated for long periods of time before a correct diagnosis is made. The trigeminal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve, a mixed cranial nerve responsible for sensory data such as tactition (pressure), thermoception (temperature), and nociception (pain) originating from the face above the jawline; it is also responsible for the motor function of the muscles of mastication, the muscles involved in chewing but not facial expression. Several theories exist to explain the possible causes of this pain syndrome. The leading explanation is that a blood vessel is likely to be compressing the trigeminal nerve near its connection with the pons. The superior cerebellar artery is the most-cited culprit. Such a compression can injure the nerve’s protective myelin sheath and cause erratic and hyperactive functioning of the nerve. This can lead to pain attacks at the slightest stimulation of any area served by the nerve as well as hinder the nerve’s ability to shut off the pain signals after the stimulation ends. This type of injury also may be caused by an aneurysm (an outpouching of a blood vessel); by a tumor; by an arachnoid cyst in the cerebellopontine angle[4]; or by a traumatic event such as a car accident or even a tongue piercing. [1] Two to four percent of patients with TN, usually younger, have evidence of multiple sclerosis, which may damage either the trigeminal nerve or other related parts of the brain. When there is no structural cause, the syndrome is called idiopathic. Postherpetic Neuralgia, which occurs after shingles, may cause similar symptoms if the trigeminal nerve is affected.

Symptoms of Trigeminal neuralgia

The episodes of pain may occur paroxysmally. To describe the pain sensation, patients describe a trigger area on the face, so sensitive that touching or even air currents can trigger an episode of pain. It affects lifestyle as it can be triggered by common activities in a patient’s daily life, such as eating, talking, shaving and toothbrushing. The attacks are said to feel like stabbing electric shocks, burning, pressing or shooting pain that becomes intractable. Individual attacks affect one side of the face at a time, last several seconds, hours or longer, and repeat up to hundreds of times throughout the day. The pain also tends to occur in cycles with complete remissions lasting months or even years. 10-12% of cases are bilateral, or occurring on both sides. This normally indicates problems with both trigeminal nerves since one serves strictly the left side of the face and the other serves the right side. Pain attacks typically worsen in frequency or severity over time. A great deal of patients develop the pain in one branch, then over years the pain will travel through the other nerve branches.

Signs of this can be seen in males who may deliberately miss an area of their face when shaving, in order to avoid triggering an episode. Although 60% of the time trigeminal neuralgia is not fatal,[dubious ] successive recurrences may be incapacitating, and the fear of provoking an attack may make sufferers reluctant to engage in normal activities.

There is a variant of trigeminal neuralgia called atypical trigeminal neuralgia. In some cases of atypical trigeminal neuralgia, the sufferer experiences a severe, relentless underlying pain similar to a migraine in addition to the stabbing pains. This variant is sometimes called “trigeminal neuralgia, type 2”[2], based on a recent classification of facial pain[5]. In other cases, the pain is stabbing and intense, but may feel like burning or prickling, rather than a shock. Sometimes, the pain is a combination of shock-like sensations, migraine-like pain, and burning or prickling pain. It can also feel as if a boring piercing pain is unrelenting. Some recent studies suggest that ATN may be an early development of Trigeminal Neuralgia.

Treatment of Trigeminal neuralgia

There is no cure for trigeminal neuralgia, but most people find relief from medication, from one of the five surgical options or sometimes from one of the many so-called “complementary or alternative” therapies. Atypical trigeminal neuralgia, which involves a more constant and burning pain, is more difficult to treat, both with medications and surgery. Surgery may result in varying degrees of numbness to the patient and lead occasionally to “anesthesia dolorosa,” which is numbness with intense pain. However, some people do find dramatic relief with minimal side effects from the various surgeries that are now available.[6]

There are some things that a patient can do to minimize the frequency and intensity of TN attacks:

  • Apply ice packs or any readily available source of cold to the area of pain. Cold often numbs the area and will reduce the pain.
  • Warming packs, wrapped in a towel to protect one’s skin, can also provide relief as they stimulate blood flow to the area they are placed upon.
  • Get adequate rest in normal rest cycles.
  • Manage your stress well and keep stress levels low. When you feel a TN attack coming on, try to relax immediately.
  • Practice healthy living principles such as diet and exercise.
  • Avoid foods that may act as nerve stimulants, such as coffee, tea, and foods that are high in sugar.
  • Maintain adequate hydration and electrolyte levels at all time.

Common hurdles to receiving treatment

Due to the rarity of TN, many physicians and dentists are unfamiliar with the affliction’s symptoms. As a result, TN is often misdiagnosed. A TN sufferer will often seek the help of numerous clinicians prior to a firm diagnosis being made.

Those physicians that do have experience with TN, are hesitant to treat patients that do not fit the classical symptoms of a TN sufferer. Patients under the age of 30 are particularly at risk of not receiving proper medical attention, as many practitioners falsely believe that one must be in the later years in order for TN to strike.

There is some evidence that points towards the need to quickly treat and diagnose TN. It is thought that the longer a patient suffers from TN, the harder it may be to reverse the neural pathways, associated with that pain. Therefore it is essential that physicians are made aware of the seriousness of TN, and the level of pain that their patient is in.

Dentists that suspect TN should proceed in the most conservative manner possible, and should ensure that all tooth structures are “truly” compromised prior to extractions or procedures being performed.

Due to the hurdles listed above, it is essential for patients who believe they are suffering from TN to seek the advice of a TN specialist or neurologist, if they find their primary care physician to be dismissive of their pain.

Medications

  • Anticonvulsants such as carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, topiramate, phenytoin, or gabapentin are generally the most effective medications. Generally speaking, opiate based analgesics offer little relief from TN attacks, but may decrease the pain sensation that is experienced by the patient. Anticonvulsant effects may be potentiated with moderate to high levels of adjuvant therapies such as baclofen and/or clonazepam. Baclofen may also help some patients eat more normally if jaw movement tends to aggravate the symptoms.
  • If anticonvulsants do not help and surgical options have failed or are ruled out, the pain may be treated long-term with an opioid such as methadone or oxycodone.
  • Low doses of some antidepressants are thought to be effective in treating neuropathic pain, but a tremendous amount of controversy exists on this topic, and their use is often limited to treating the depression that is associated with chronic pain, rather than the actual sensation of pain from the trigeminal nerve.
  • Botox can be injected into the nerve by a physician, and has been found helpful using the “migraine” pattern adapted to the patient’s special needs.
  • TGN patients may also find relief by having their neurologist implant a neuro-stimulator.

Many patients cannot tolerate medications for years, and an alternate treatment is to take a drug such as gabapentin and place it in an externally applied cream base by a pharmacist who compounds drugs. Also helpful is taking a “drug holiday” when remissions occur and rotating medications if one becomes ineffective.

Surgery

Surgery may be recommended, either to relieve the pressure on the nerve or to selectively damage it in such a way as to disrupt pain signals from getting through to the brain. In trained hands, surgical success rates have been reported to have initial success rates approaching 90 percent. Some patients require followup procedures to be performed, however, if a recurrence of their pain begins.

Of the five surgical options, the microvascular decompression is the only one aimed at fixing the presumed cause of the pain. In this procedure, the surgeon enters the skull through a 25mm (one-inch) hole behind the ear. The nerve is then explored for an offending blood vessel, and when one is found, the vessel and nerve are separated or “decompressed” with a small pad, usually made out of gortex. When successful, MVD procedures can give permanent pain relief with little to no facial numbness.

Three other procedures use needles or catheters that enter through the face into the opening where the nerve first splits into its three divisions. Excellent success rates using a cost effective percutaneous surgical procedure known as balloon compression have been reported[7]. This technique has been helpful in treating the elderly for whom surgery may not be an option due to coexisting health conditions. Balloon compression is also the best choice for patients who have ophthalmic nerve pain or have experienced recurrent pain after microvascular decompression.

Similar success rates have been reported with glycerol injections and radiofrequency rhizotomies. Glycerol injections involve injecting an alcohol-like substance into the cavern that bathes the nerve near its junction. This liquid is corrosive to the nerve fibers and can mildly injure the nerve enough to hinder the errant pain signals. In a radiofrequency rhizotomy, the surgeon uses an electrode to heat the selected division or divisions of the nerve. Done well, this procedure can target the exact regions of the errant pain triggers and disable them with minimal numbness.

Stereotactic Radiation Therapy

The nerve can also be damaged to prevent pain signal transmission using Gamma Knife or a linear accelerator-based radiation therapy (e.g. Novalis, Cyberknife). No incisions are involved in this procedure. It uses radiation to bombard the nerve root, this time targeting the selective damage at the same point where vessel compressions are often found. This option is used especially for those people who are medically unfit for a long general anaesthetic, or who are taking medications for prevention of blood clotting (e.g., warfarin). A prospective Phase I trial performed at Marseille, France, showed that 83% of patients were pain-free at 12 months, with 58% pain-free and off all medications. Side effects were mild, with 6% experiencing mild tingling and 4% experiencing mild numbness.[8]

Social consequences of Trigeminal Neuralgia

Most suffers of TN do not present with any outwardly noticeable symptoms, though some will exhibit brief facial spasms during an attack. As a result, it is often difficult for friends and family members of TN suffers to accept that their loved one, who was previously healthy is now suffering from intractable pain.

That doubt can be a great hindrance to the support of the patient, as friends and family, as well as physicians will often seek a psychological root cause rather than a physiological abnormality.

That is especially true of those suffering from Atypical TN, who may not present with any compression of the TN, with the complaint of severe pain (constant electric-like shocks, constant crushing or pressure sensations, or a constant severe dull ache) being the sole criteria of a diagnosis.

Many TN sufferers are confined to their homes or are unable to work due to the frequency of their attacks. It is important for friends and family to educate themselves on the severity of TN pain, and to be understanding of limitations TN places upon its sufferer. Though, at the same time the TN patient must be extremely proactive in furthering their rehabilitative efforts. Enrolling themselves in a chronic pain support group, or seeking one-on-one counseling, can help teach a TN patient how to adapt to their newfound affliction.

As with any chronic pain syndrome, TN not being the exception, depression has the potential to set in. Friends and family, as well as clinicians, must be alert to the signs of a rapid change in behavior, and should take appropriate measures when necessary. It must be constantly reinforced to the sufferer of TN, that treatment options do exist.

Other

In one case of trigeminal neuralgia associated with tongue-piercing, the condition resolved after the jewelry was removed.[9]

Some patients have reported a correlation between dental work and the onset of their trigeminal nerve pain.

Recently, some researchers have investigated the link between neuropathatic pain, such as TN, and celiac disease.

Interestingly, most patients have a complete abatement of their TN symptoms during sleep and within the first few minutes of waking; the physiological basis of this phenomenon is not fully understood at this time.

Homeopathy Treatment for Trigeminal neuralgia

Keywords: homeopathy, homeopathic, treatment, cure, remedy, remedies, medicine

Homeopathy treats the person as a whole. It means that homeopathic treatment focuses on the patient as a person, as well as his pathological condition. The homeopathic medicines are selected after a full individualizing examination and case-analysis, which includes the medical history of the patient, physical and mental constitution, family history, presenting symptoms, underlying pathology, possible causative factors etc. A miasmatic tendency (predisposition/susceptibility) is also often taken into account for the treatment of chronic conditions. A homeopathy doctor tries to treat more than just the presenting symptoms. The focus is usually on what caused the disease condition? Why ‘this patient’ is sick ‘this way’. The disease diagnosis is important but in homeopathy, the cause of disease is not just probed to the level of bacteria and viruses. Other factors like mental, emotional and physical stress that could predispose a person to illness are also looked for. No a days, even modern medicine also considers a large number of diseases as psychosomatic. The correct homeopathy remedy tries to correct this disease predisposition. The focus is not on curing the disease but to cure the person who is sick, to restore the health. If a disease pathology is not very advanced, homeopathy remedies do give a hope for cure but even in incurable cases, the quality of life can be greatly improved with homeopathic medicines.

The homeopathic remedies (medicines) given below indicate the therapeutic affinity but this is not a complete and definite guide to the homeopathy treatment of this condition. The symptoms listed against each homeopathic remedy may not be directly related to this disease because in homeopathy general symptoms and constitutional indications are also taken into account for selecting a remedy. To study any of the following remedies in more detail, please visit the Materia Medica section at Hpathy.

None of these medicines should be taken without professional advice and guidance.

Homeopathy Remedies for Trigeminal neuralgia :

Acon., all-c., ars., bell., bry., caust., cham., chin., cimic., coff., coloc., dios., gels., hyper., ign., iris., kali-bi., lach., lyc., mag-c., mag-p., merc., nat-m., nux-v., phos., psor., puls., ran-a., rhus-t., rumx., sang., spig., stann., sul-ac., sulph., thuj., verat., verb.

References

  1. ^ Bayer DB, Stenger TG (1979). “Trigeminal neuralgia: an overview”. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 48 (5): 393–9. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(79)90064-1. PMID 226915. 
  2. ^ Bloom, R. “Emily Garland: A young girl’s painful problem took more than a year to diagnose” (PDF).
  3. ^ Dandy, Sir Walter (1987). The Brain, Special edition, The Classics of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Birmingham: Gryphon editions, 179. 
  4. ^ Babu R, Murali R. “Arachnoid cyst of the cerebellopontine angle manifesting as contralateral trigeminal neuralgia: case report”, Neurosurgery 1991 Jun;28(6):886-7. (PMID 2067614)
  5. ^ Burchiel KJ. “A new classification for facial pain”, Neurosurgery 2003 Nov;53(5):1164-6; discussion 1166-7. (PMID 14580284)
  6. ^ Weigel, G; Casey, K. (2004). “Striking Back: The Trigeminal Neuralgia and Face Pain Handbook”. Trigeminal Neuralgia Association ISBN 0-9672393-2-X. 
  7. ^ Natarajan, M (2000). “Percutaneous trigeminal ganglion balloon compression: experience in 40 patients”. Neurology (Neurological Society of India) 48 (4): 330–2. PMID 11146595. 
  8. ^ Régis J, Metellus P, Hayashi M, Roussel P, Donnet A, Bille-Turc F (2006). “Prospective controlled trial of gamma knife surgery for essential trigeminal neuralgia”. J. Neurosurg. 104 (6): 913–24. PMID 16776335. 
  9. ^ Gazzeri, R; Mercuri, S. & Galarza M. (2006). “Atypical trigeminal neuralgia associated with tongue piercing”. JAMA 296 (15): 1840–1. doi:10.1001/jama.296.15.1840-b. PMID 17047213.